Más sobre el origen de las sociedades. De primates, que sociedades hay muchas, pero las de primates incluyen a las sociedades humanas. A cuenta de un artículo aparecido en Nature—
Shultz, Susanne, Christopher Opie and Quentin D. Atkinson. "Stepwise Evolution of Stable Sociality in Primates." Nature 479 (10 Nov. 2011): 219-22.* doi: 10.1038/nature10601
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7372/full/nature10601.html
2011
Nicholas Wade, en el New York Times, "Genes Play Major Role in Primate Social Behavior, Study Finds." informa más sobre esto:
The
Oxford survey confirms that the structure of human society, too, is
likely to have a genetic basis, since humans are in the primate family,
said Bernard Chapais, an expert on human social evolution at the
University of Montreal. "Evolutionary change in any particular lineage
is highly constrained by the lineage's phylogenetic history," Dr.
Chapais said, referring to the evolutionary family tree. "This
reasoning applies to all species, including ours. But in humans,
cultural variation hides both the social unity of humankind and its
biological foundation."
Human multifamily groups may have arisen from the gorilla-type harem structure, with many harems merging together, or from stable breeding bonds replacing sexual promiscuity in a chimpanzee-type society, Dr. Chapais said.
In his book Primeval Kinship (Harvard, 2008), he describes a further stage in human social evolution that occurred when individual bands allied with those with whom they exchanged daughters. The bands in such a marital exchange system formed a tribe, taking human society to a level of organization beyond that of chimpanzee society.
With chimps, territorially based bands also exchange daughters to avoid incest but continue to fight with one another to the death because the males cannot recognize their kinship with relatives in neighboring bands.
Human multifamily groups may have arisen from the gorilla-type harem structure, with many harems merging together, or from stable breeding bonds replacing sexual promiscuity in a chimpanzee-type society, Dr. Chapais said.
In his book Primeval Kinship (Harvard, 2008), he describes a further stage in human social evolution that occurred when individual bands allied with those with whom they exchanged daughters. The bands in such a marital exchange system formed a tribe, taking human society to a level of organization beyond that of chimpanzee society.
With chimps, territorially based bands also exchange daughters to avoid incest but continue to fight with one another to the death because the males cannot recognize their kinship with relatives in neighboring bands.
El intercambio de hijas como base de la sociedad habría que relacionarlo, claro, con la prohibición del incesto, que como señalaba Lévi-Strauss existe de una forma u otra en todas las sociedades humanas—y por tanto puede considerarse un universal, una piedra angular o estructura fundacional.
El segundo paso es (parece ser) el reconocimiento de aliados más allá del propio grupo, para evitar la guerra universal—en especial en la época en la que el hombre es un chimpancé para el hombre. Es el momento en que nacen la diplomacia y el potlatch—el intercambio de regalos, que tanta importancia tiene en las sociedades primitivas. Y hasta en la sociedad homérica, ahora que estoy releyendo La Odisea.
Por cierto que algunas conclusiones geneticistas que apunta Wade en su artículo me parecen exageradas, o precipitadas, o sobredimensionadas. Las sociedades, en especial la humana, crean condiciones emergentes que si bien pueden haberse debido en su origen a los genes, se encuentran ya a otro nivel de análisis, y originan una dinámica ecológica que se retroalimenta con la propia existencia de la sociedad (un nicho ecológico, dicho de otro modo), de tal modo que cualquier tendencia genética ya se ve canalizada y conducida por las circunstancias y relaciones socialmente construidas.
—oOo—
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario
Se aceptan opiniones alternativas, e incluso coincidentes: