martes, 6 de febrero de 2024
miércoles, 31 de enero de 2024
viernes, 26 de enero de 2024
jueves, 13 de enero de 2022
jueves, 2 de diciembre de 2021
viernes, 22 de mayo de 2015
Panopticon of Topsight on The Order of Things
Or, a perspective on the paradoxical self-transcending of perspectives. A passage from Seán Burke's The Death and Rebirth of the Author, criticizing Foucault's blind or contradictory self-erasure of his own position even as he erases the agency of the author. There are here some implications for a definition of the concept of topsight, understood here not as information on a situation or set of relationships, but as comprehension or conceptual understanding of a field. It is a topsight-related phenomenon (or should we say a paradox, the topsight paradox) which bears on any discourse of truth, not just archaeology—but is perhaps made more visible or paradoxical here because of archaeology's, and Foucault's, pretensions to erase agency and the subject while simultaneously setting up a theory of knowledge and of the subject as agency. The archaeologist (or Foucault himself) as a "detached overseer", to use Burke's phrase, is uncannily reminiscent of the prison guard's eye in Bentham's panopticon of universal surveillance—a position which, fairly enough, can be occupied by an actual guard or may remain empty, a subjectless position, since the topsight is structurally determined, not an accident of the overseer's volition or personal intention. The panopticon would therefore seem to be a diagrammatic icon of Foucault's discourse at a deeper level than is usually conceived—a regular mise en abyme of the notion of an order of things which can be described from a master discourse alien to it or escaping the frame-breaking countergaze of the Sartrean observer-observed.
More generally, though, we could argue that any discourse which sets itself up as innovative or as the disclosure of a hidden perspective on things (and which critical discourse doesn't set itself up as such?) also posits itself, in so doing, as transcending the present field of knowledge, as opening a perspective on reality as we know it, viewed from another order of things.
This situation differs with respect to the descriptions of the Classical and modern epistemi, though only to the point of modifying the quality of temporal transcendence which the archaeological discourse implicitly arrogates to its practitioner. Obviously, the description of the Classical era will of necessity take place outside that arrangement of knowledge but neither can it issue from the vantage point of modernity, for Foucault would then be presenting not an understanding of the deepest stratum of Classical thought, but a history of the present as it views the past; an operation in which what are called the elements of Classical thought would be no more than merely material for allegory, for a revaluation of how our modern habits of thought negotiate the long distant past.
Moreover, and more worryingly still, the archaeological discourse of the modern episteme. cannot itself belong to the modern episteme, for then it could only speak for, and not about the rules of formation for the anthropological arrangement. If it formed a part of the modern configuration, The Order of Things would represent another monument to the anthropological era, to the discourse on man, his destiny and ends. Kant writes of man as the end of all nature, Hegel of the end and fulfulment of man as that mystical journey of mind toward itself in time, Marx of the simultaneous dissolution and beatitude of man in classless society, Nietzsche of the übermensch, Huserl of an ultimate intersubjectivity, Heidegger of the shepherd of Being—there would then be no reason not to see in Michel Foucault's thesis of the-death-of-man-as-the-end-of-man the latest instance of the modern preoccupation with the eschatological horizons of humanity. (59)
Yet Foucault insists that this is not the case. Archaeology is a radical break with anthropologism, it transgresses the limits of this era. What he does not say, however, is that in order to transgress these limits, it must also transcend the formal conditions which dictate to all other discourses the ground and limit of their possibility. The episteme must be described from the point of view of an ideal exteriority. Only from a mystical and privileged continuum alterior to all epistemi can the archaeologist range, circumscribe and re-present discursive history, and only from this place can he proscribe its future (60). Foucault is therefore always already in possession of the transcendence which he bewtows upon Nietzsche for in the last analysis, it is still Foucault who purportedly has unique access to the true historical mission and significance of the Nietzschean discourse, he who has ultimate powers of appropriation within an archaeology of the human sciences which is all his own. His is the discourse of all discourses, the one site from which the rules of formation of four centuries of writing can be revealed. Foucault therefore cannot avoid becoming the author of his own text, and it is precisely the monumental and totalising nature of that text which conspires to make the authority of the archaeologist unconscionably problematic. (61)
The whole range of texts which make more modest or local claims, those which are avowedly impressionistic, fictional or subjective will not imply transcendentally remote authors; rather such a subject tends to arise from high philosophical or theoretical texts, particularly in the case of texts which—like Foucault's, like Hegel's—attempt to tell the truth of history, for such a tale can only be told from the annex of a pure distance, an ahistorical alterity. And where the problems of ideal detachment are grave enough for Hegelian history, they are entirely calamitous for a text which seeks to lay the ghost of the idealist subject. Prime amongst the ironies of Foucault's project is that, even supposing that it had succeeded in its aim, history would still have been left to depose the subject of archaeology. Foucault has little enough success in ousting those authors whose influence he wished to deny. The one subject he could never in principle dislodge is Michel Foucault.
(59) As Jacques Derrida says, 'The thinking of the end of man .... is always already prescribed in metaphysics, in teh thinking of the truth of man.' Jacques Derrida, 'The Ends of Man', Margins of Philosophy, trans. Alan Bass (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1982), pp. 109-36; p. 121.
(60). It is perhaps partly for this reason that Foucault maintains a scrupulous uncertainty as to whether we are still (at the time of writing) within the Age of Man, or are instead dazzled by the unaccustomed light of the coming episteme. The space between epistemi is the ideal point from which the archaeologist might speak for it frees him from the specific determinations of any particular configurations of knowledge and forms so to speak, a lyrical intermezzo between rigid, prescriptive systems. Foucault's elusiveness on the epistemic stationing of the archaeological discourse has led Pamela Major-Poetzl to postulate a fourth and contemporary episteme commencing in 1950, though she does so with no direct authorisation from the text. See Pamela Major-Poetzl, Michel Foucault's Archaeology of Western Culture, op. cit., pp. 158-9; 191-5.
(61). And Foucault's style does everything to confirm the transcendental status of the archaeological author. He writes with an omniscient assurance, in tones peremptory and portentous, with what Roland Barthes would call the voice of God. Indeed, Edward Said makes the point that Foucault's voice is undoubtedly the 'voice of an Author', though he sees no particular contradiction in an authorful and authoritarian discourse which recommends the anonymity of discourse. See Edward Said, 'An Ethics of Language', Diacritics vol. 4, no. 2 (Summer 1974), pp 28-37; p. 28.
lunes, 29 de diciembre de 2014
martes, 19 de agosto de 2014
Retroperspectiva y perspicacia
_____. "Retroperspectiva y perspicacia: El emergentismo crítico de Polibio a Wilde." Academia 18 Aug. 2014.*
https://www.academia.edu/8005626/
2014
_____. "Retroperspectiva y perspicacia: El emergentismo crítico de Polibio a Wilde." ResearchGate 19 Aug. 2014.*
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264860033
2014
martes, 15 de abril de 2014
Chomsky on Interpretation & Understanding
_____. "Chomsky on Interpretation and Understanding." Lecture at the Collège de France. Video. YouTube (Brad Younger) 25 March 2014.*
2014 DISCONTINUED 2024
_____. "Interpretation & Understanding: Language & Beyond." Video. YouTube (Philosophy Overdose) 5 Aug. 2021.*
2024
—oOo—
domingo, 17 de noviembre de 2013
FREEOK 2013 - Lawrence Krauss: "The Greatest Story Ever Told"
The title made me think for a minute of my own lecture earlier this year on "The Story Behind any Story".
sábado, 16 de noviembre de 2013
De antropología cognitiva vamos hoy
(que vienen de una Academia Presidencial rusa, de la University of California-Berkeley, del Instituto Max Planck, de la Universidad de Oxford, etc.—y de Zaragoza yo).
—en una de las revistas del Anthropology Research Network, en concreto Cultural Anthropology eJournal, sección de "Historia y Etnohistoria" (VER FECHA 11 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 2013).
AARN Subject Matter eJournals
El artículo en cuestión es aquél sobre "Retroperspectiva y perspicacia", a cuenta de Polibio y del curioso ensayo sobre "The Rise of Historical Criticism" de Oscar Wilde. Y va a aparecer mi artículo, al parecer, en otras revistas de otras redes académicas—por interdisciplinar que no quede.
viernes, 25 de octubre de 2013
Consilience & Retrospection
Con las revistas que no son interdisciplinares ya ni pruebo, claro. Nunca me ha resultado fácil publicar, excepto cuando he estado en círculos de apoyo mutuo académico. Por algo será que la gente los busca, esos apoyos mutos.
Así que entretanto, y mientras salga quien quiera publicarlo en papel o en tinta electrónica, aquí está el artículo, que versa sobre.... bueno, léaselo quien le interese la ciencia, la evolución, la retrospección, la teoría sobre las teorías, o Stephen Jay Gould o Edmund Wilson. No he encontrado a mucha gente interesada en esos temas en conjunto, ni siquiera por separado. Así reza el resumen:
This paper reexamines Stephen Jay Gould's critique of E. O. Wilson's notion of consilience, going back to William Whewell's original formulation of the concept. The element of hermeneutic hindsight which inheres in the process of consilience is clarified and brought to the fore as a notion pertaining to cognitive narratology.
Si lo quiere alguien para una revista académica, se lo regalo. El artículo se originó en un post que publiqué en tiempos en Ibercampus; su sustancia puede leerse allí en español. (Ahora en Academia—en Ibercampus lo borraron hace años... Si es que hay que autopublicarse, trust yourself).
(Aquí en inglés con más fácil acceso: Consilience and Retrospection).
viernes, 2 de diciembre de 2011
Conectando con Heráclito el Oscuro
Partamos de una cita de Heráclito, en esta traducción que me encuentro en el Brown Alumni Magazine:
"A wonderful harmony arises from joining together the seemingly unconnected".
Cita este texto Aristóteles, en su Ética a Nicómaco (VIII.2, 1155b): "Heráclito dice que lo opuesto concuerda y que de las cosas discordantes surge la más bella armonía, 'y que todo sucede según discordia'." Es una frase en la que están las semillas de muchas futuras reflexiones. Su conexión con ellas podría parecer más o menos remota. Me interesa resaltar aquí un par de loci classici.
Primero, del propio Heráclito, pues esta frase se relaciona con otros aspectos de su pensamiento, en los que enfatiza la coherencia subyacente de las cosas, más allá de su aparente diversidad u oposición. La apariencia de discordancia, y la concordancia o coherencia profunda, entendida y expresada por el filósofo, es un tema fundamental en Heráclito. En la paráfrasis de Kirk y Raven, "Men should try to comprehend the underlying coherence of things: it is expressed in the Logos, the formula or element of arrangement common to things." (Kirk & Raven 187). La palabra da razón de lo que parecía diverso, y lo explica. Heráclito es, supuestamente, el filósofo de la diversidad, la discordia y la discontinuidad, pero como vemos hay más bien una tensión dialéctica entre la diversidad y la unidad en su pensamiento: el camino arriba y abajo es uno y el mismo. En su cosmología, en general, "lo uno, al diverger, converge consigo mismo, como la armonía del arco y la lira" (Los filósofos presocráticos I.225). O bien, "An unapparent connexion is stronger than an apparent one" (fr. 210 Kirk y Raven); "The real constitution of things is accustomed to hide itself" (fr. 211 Kirk y Raven)—de ahí la aletheia como operación cognitiva. No deja de ser irónico que a Heráclito le reprochase Demetrio la oscuridad resultante de la falta de conexión en sus discursos.
Otro texto que podemos traer a colación es el comentario de Samuel Johnson sobre los poetas metafísicos y sus extravagantes conceptos—seguida por su discusión del "auténtico ingenio". Viene de su "Life of Cowley":
If by a more noble and more adequate conception that be considered as wit which is at once natural and new, that which, though not obvious, is, upon its first production, acknowledged to be just; if it be that which he that never found it wonders how he missed, to wit of this kind the metaphysical poets have seldom risen. Their thoughts are often new, but seldom natural; they are not obvious, but neither are they just; and the reader, far from wondering that he missed them, wonders more frequently by what perverseness of industry they were found.
But wit, abstracted from its effects upon the hearer, may be more rigorously and philosophically considered as a kind of discordia concors; a combination of dissimilar images, or discovery of occult resemblances in things apparently unlike. Of wit, thus defined, they have more than enough. The most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together; nature and art are ransacked for illustrations, comparisons, and allusions; their learning instructs, and their subtlety surprises; but the reader commonly thinks his improvement dearly bought, and, though he sometimes admires, is seldom pleased.
Y, un siglo antes, también viene a cuento relacionar con el dicho de Heráclito la discusión del ingenio que se da en el Tratado de la agudeza de Baltasar Gracián. Por ejemplo en esta reflexión sobre la metáfora, que seguro habría de ser apreciada por los actuales teorizadores de la lingüística cognitiva:
—así el análisis que hace de la comparación entre San Juan Bautista y el Fénix:
O, en el Discurso XXXXV que le sigue, "De la Acolucia y Trabaçon de los Discursos", también se echa de ver cómo la argumentación brillante consiste en relacionar las partes aparentemente inconexas que se van tratando en las distintas secciones de un discurso—uniendo lo aparentemente inconexo, como decía Heráclito:
Así, de diversas maneras, la argumentación y exposición es una continua
relación de lo aparentemente inconexo, trayéndolo a la luz y creando en
el discurso un sistema de atención que expone su conexión subyacente y
la hace objeto de la consciencia. "Acoplamientos: cosas íntegras y no
íntegras, convergente divergente, consonante disonante; de todas las
cosas una y de una todas las cosas" (Heráclito, Los filósofos presocráticos I.201).
Una última cuestión que me interesa resaltar sobre el dicho de
Heráclito es que apunta a una
teoría de la retrospección intelectual, o cognitiva. La
consiliencia de lo diverso, que incluye una mirada retrospectiva sobre
lo antes pensado, y su reelaboración en una síntesis, precursora de la
producida por la
dialéctica hegeliana.
Los fenómenos a los que se refiere Heráclito,
los que producen una armonía extraordinaria, tenían una conexión
intrínseca, pero tal conexión no aparecía. Se hace visible por arte de
quien los une—pero ya estaban unidos—es decir, de quien formula de
modo visible y explícito esa unión, o llama la atención sobre ella. El
Logos de Heráclito también podría interpretarse en este sentido—en el
sentido de dar razón de algo, mediante la palabra. La
armonía intelectual que surge es la armonía de una mayor comprensión de
las relaciones entre los fenómenos—no una asociación caprichosa de
ideas, sino un reconocimiento de lo que antes no se conocía, por mucho
que estuviese presente, y ahora sí se conoce. Es en cierto modo la
armonía que produce nuestra perspectiva superior sobre nosotros mismos,
nuestra topsight, o
perspectiva dominante, sobre lo que antes era nuestra
percepción limitada de los fenómenos, cuando no podíamos apreciar su
conexión.
___
Como deberes o reto intelectual para el lector, le propondré (que no le ofreceré) una integración o fusión conceptual entre las conexiones iluminadoras de Heráclito el Oscuro, y la teoría del pensamiento metafórico, o, más ampliamente, la noción de integración conceptual desarrollada por Fauconnier y Turner. La sugerencia la ofrezco, y la fusión ya está así amagada.
___
La frase de Heráclito también es una teoría de la explicación o de la evidencia. Más sobre explicaciones aquí, en The limits of explanation. Lo breve, si bueno, no tan breve.
_____________________
Fauconnier, Gilles, y Mark Turner. "Conceptual Integration Networks." Versión ampliada, 10 Feb. 2001. Social Science Research Network 3 Nov. 2008.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1292966
2015
Gracián, Baltasar. Arte de ingenio. Tratado de la agudeza. Edición facsímil (Madrid: Juan Sánchez, 1642). Introd. Aurora Egido. Zaragoza: Gobierno de Aragón / Institución "Fernando El Católico", 2005.
Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the English Poets. Introd. L.
Archer-Hind. 2 vols. (Everyman's Library, 770, 771). London: Dent; New York:
Dutton, 1925. 1946.
Kirk, G. S., y J. E. Raven. The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1957.
