Muchas de las sorprendentes lecciones de Yuval Noah Harari vienen de mucho más lejos en la tradición materialista-naturalista. Pero hay mucha gente dispuesta a oír a Hobbes por primera vez a través de este autor. Por ejemplo, expone Harari la idea de que los derechos humanos son una construcción social, y que no son en absoluto naturales. Aquí tenemos a Hobbes hablando de lo mismo en Leviathan, cuando trata del mítico/teórico "estado de naturaleza" originario de la humanidad, definiéndolo como un estado de guerra de todos contra todos:
To this warre
of every man against every man, this also is consequent: that nothing
can be Unjust. The notions of Right and Wrong, Justice and Injustice
have there no place. Where there is no common Power, there is no Law:
where no Law, no Injustice. Force, and Fraud, are in warre the two
Cardinall vertues. Justice, and Injustice are none of the Faculties
neither of the Body, nor Mind. If they were, they might be in a man,
that were alone in the world, as well as his Senses, and Passions.
They are Qualities, that relate to men in Society, not in
Solitude. It is consequent also to the same condition, that there be no
Propriety, no Dominion, no Mine and
Thine distinct; but onely
that to be every mans that he can get; and for so long, as he can keep
it. And thus much for the ill condition, which man by meer Nature is
actually placed in; though with a possiblity to come out of it,
consisting partly in the Passions, partly in his Reason.
The Passions that encline men to Peace, are Feare of death; Desire of such things as are necessary to commodious living; and a Hope by their Industry to obtain them. And Reason suggesteth convenient Articles of Peace, upon which men may be drawn to agreement. These Articles, are they, which otherwise are called the Lawes of Nature... (I.xiii, 188)
The Passions that encline men to Peace, are Feare of death; Desire of such things as are necessary to commodious living; and a Hope by their Industry to obtain them. And Reason suggesteth convenient Articles of Peace, upon which men may be drawn to agreement. These Articles, are they, which otherwise are called the Lawes of Nature... (I.xiii, 188)
La propia naturaleza humana, nos dirá Hobbes, lleva a la sociabilidad y a la ley (a la ley avalada por la fuerza), que son necesarias para la construcción de todo el orden humano. Que éste es un orden construido, y dependiente de las relaciones sociales, es la gran lección constructivista (no inmediatamente asimilada) que orienta todo el Leviatán. El poder absoluto de la sociedad, encarnado en el Monarca, es para Hobbes la condición que permite la edificación de un orden propiamente humano, un orden institucional y cultural, distinto del orden originario de la naturaleza. Se halla en Hobbes por tanto el modelo de un constructivismo muy sabio, que reconoce la convencionalidad del orden de las instituciones y las imaginaciones humanas, pero asienta en la naturaleza humana la necesidad de estas construcciones.
No me resisto a citar también la definición que da Hobbes de las diferencias entre religión y superstición. Con la religión andaba con cuidado Hobbes, y encontramos en él ortodoxos pronunciamientos sobre la verdad de la Revelación y sobre la diferencia absoluta entre nuestra religión (que es verdadera) y las otras (que falsas). Pero es que hay que leer esto con cuidado. Aquí mucha sorna, además de mucha prudencia con las autoridades... pues para Hobbes ése es el caso en todas partes: la religión local es siempre la auténtica y la de los vecinos es la falsa—¡Y no va a ser Inglaterra la excepción! Así que, como dijo Cristo, quien tenga oídos, que oiga.
And they that
make little, or no enquiry into the naturall causes of things, yet from
the feare that proceeds from the ignorance it selfe, of what it is that
hath the power to do them much good or harm, are enclined to suppose,
and feign unto themselves, severall kinds of Powers Invisible; and to
stand in awe of their own imaginations; and in time of distresse to
invoke them; as also in the time of an expected good successe, to give
them thanks; making the creatures of their own fancy, their Gods. By
which means it hath come to passe, that from the innumerable variety of
Fancy, men have created in the world innumerable sorts of Gods. And
this Feare of things invisible, is the naturall seed of that, which
every one in himself calleth Religion, and in them that worship, or
feare that Power otherwise than they do, Superstition. (I.xi, 168)
—oOo—
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