Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Hemingway. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Hemingway. Mostrar todas las entradas

martes, 4 de junio de 2024

Traducciones de Hemingway

Artículo de la Dra. Penas sobre uno de sus autores favoritos (y donde por cierto además me cita):

Penas Ibáñez, Beatriz "The Role of Indirect Translation in the Ralentization of Cultural Modernization: The Intermediate Role of Hemingway's Early Spanish Translations." Transfer 10.1-2 (May 2015): 51-74. Online at RCUB.*

         http://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/transfer/article/download/17493/20259

         2024

         Online at Core.*

         https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39130928.pdf

         2024

 

—oOo—

lunes, 16 de octubre de 2023

Adriana Ivancich

 

Adriana Ivancich         (1930-1983)

 

(Italian petty aristocrat, Hemingway's friend and muse, met him in Venice and Cuba, inspired the romance in his novel Across the River and into the Trees, object of the older writer's pathetic infatuation; promoted by him as a poet, married, 2 children, committed suicide after bouts of depression)

 

 

Works

 

Ivancich, Adriana. Ho guardato il cielo e la terra. Poetry. Milan: Mondadori, 1953.

_____. La Torre Bianca. Milan: Mondadori, 1980.  (Memoir on Hemingway)

 

 

 

Criticism

 

Knigge, Jobst C. "Hemingway's Venetian Muse Adriana Ivancich: A Contribution to the Biography of Ernest Hemingway." Humboldt Universität Berlin eDoc Server. 2011.*

         https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/18452/14129/257OuZ2UGqA.pdf?sequence=1

         2022

_____.  Hemingway's Venetian Muse Adriana Ivancich: A Contribution to the Biography of Ernest Hemingway. New version 2012. Online at e-doc Server - Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.*

         https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/18452/14177/2338BeAlC0Lcw.pdf

         2023

 

 

 

 

Internet resources

 

 

Wikipedia. "Adriana Ivancich." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.*

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Ivancich

         2023

 

 

Paula Ortiz

sábado, 1 de septiembre de 2018

Retropost (1 de septiembre de 2008): Ills Like White Elephants


He estado leyéndome una divertida historia de Francisco Medina sobre el fallido golpe del 23-F, del cual me acuerdo todavía "como si fuera hoy". Se me ha ocurrido hacer este juego literario alusivo a la cuestión:



- The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white
- on to Madrid
- like white elephants
- Anís del Toro. It’s a drink.
- That’s the way with everything. Especially all the things you’ve waited so long for.
- You started it.

- It’s really an awfully simple operation.

- Then what will we do afterward?
- We’ll be fine afterward. Just like we were before.
- And you really want to?
- I think it’s the best thing to do. But I don’t want you to do it if you don’t really want to

- I don’t care about me.
- Well, I care about you.
- We’ll wait and see.
- I don’t feel any way. I just know things.
- Can’t we maybe stop talking?
- I’m perfectly willing to go through with it if it means anything to you.
- And I know it’s perfectly simple.
- Will you please please please please, please please please please stop talking
- I’ll scream.

- I’d better take the bags over to the other side.
- He looked up the tracks but he could not see the train.
- They were all waiting reasonably for the train.
- I feel fine. There’s nothing wrong with me. I feel fine.

- Operation aborted.




 


Un relato instructivo sobre el aborto, por cierto, éste de Hemingway. No sé si nuestras ministras lo entenderían.









—oOo—


sábado, 30 de diciembre de 2017

Retropost #1932 (30 de diciembre de 2007): Hemingway Meets Beckett




Una foto de Flickr


Hemingway meets Beckett meets Mad Max. Es un poquito el planteamiento de The Road, de Cormac McCarthy, premio Pulitzer 2007. Una historia de ciencia ficción con tratamiento contenido a la manera modernista. El mundo habitable ha desaparecido, ya no hay animales ni vegetación, sólo un paisaje desolado, oscuro y cubierto de cenizas, y una carretera infinita por la que avanzan un padre y un hijo empujando un carrito de compras con víveres, mantas y herramientas. Intentando sobrevivir, intentando encontrar comida y esquivar a las hordas de bandidos caníbales que gobiernan los caminos en este mundo post-apocalíptico. Día a día, aguantando nevadas y aguaceros, camino del sur, esperando encontrar algo distinto, algo que seguramente ya sólo está en el pasado. Pues el futuro se va oscureciendo, como la luz del día en el invierno nuclear. "Like the onset of some cold glaucoma dimming away the world" (TR 3).

En el post anterior hablaba de otras historias de catástrofe global, mortandad universal y regresión de la civilización, a cuenta de la película Soy Leyenda. McCarthy evita la espectacularidad fácil, y logra hacer una épica de los últimos días a base de contención, minimalismo e intensidad sostenida. El padre vive para proteger y defender a su hijo, darle una oportunidad y mantener viva en él la memoria de lo que fue la humanidad. La narración vuelve una y otra vez a las actividades básicas de supervivencia: buscar comida, empujar el carro, aguantar bajo la lluvia, encender el fuego. Explorar las ruinas. Esconderse cuando se ve alguna figura a lo lejos. Intercaladas, las conversaciones a base de monosílabos y sobreentendidos entre el padre y el hijo, a modo de Vladimir y Estragón en Esperando a Godot. No conocemos el nombre de uno ni de otro.

Y colocadas con precisión y eficacia en el viaje por este camino narrativo— las escenas de horror, de tensión, las panorámicas de refugiados carbonizados en sus coches, las ciudades devastadas habitadas por algún superviviente espantado entre las ruinas, las carreteras con cadáveres mezclados con el asfalto fundido, los cazadores de carne humana (única proteína visible en el paisaje). Y los recuerdos de lo que era la vida normal, en los sueños, en flashbacks que parecen venir de otro mundo. Todo pasó hace años: pero la devastación es tan grande que ha alterado la sustancia del tiempo, y del lenguaje: la realidad va hundiéndose poco a poco en un marasmo de ceniza que cae del cielo y de supervivencia animal. Como otro personaje de Beckett, el protagonista de How It Is, arrastrándose por el barro y la oscuridad con su saco de provisiones. Pero la visión de McCarthy es más terrible por más realista y por contener más verdad humana: los enfangamientos minimalistas de Beckett y sus monólogos parecen ejercicios artificiales a su lado, experimentos modernistas. El estilo Hemingway de observación externa, focalización centrada en un personaje, y frases cortas e impasibles trabaja en armonía con el minimalismo a que se ha reducido la realidad, y con los gestos básicos de supervivencia, de recolección, de manipulación y de bricolaje que se han vuelto el centro de la existencia.

Es un regreso desolado a On the Road de Jack Kerouac, y a tantos road movies reducidos aquí a su versión carbonizada. Es el camino de la vida, el Pilgrim's Progress centrado especialmente en el Slough of Despond. Es los ríos trucheros de Hemingway imaginados desde la vejez terminal, cuando no podremos volver a ellos. Es una alegoría de la de la vejez sin esperanza, con Dios cada vez más inescrutable e improbable. ("The bastard. He does not exist" —decían en Final de Partida). Esta novela es un endgame ambulante, pero con una dosis de fe terminal y sobre todo de amor que lo hacen más patético. Es una novela de padres e hijos, de la protección y del traspaso de la esperanza (donde apenas puede quedar ya ninguna). El protagonista camina por paisajes desolados con su hijo: en algunos había estado antes con su padre, y sabe que a él le toca ahora no flaquear, y dar una oportunidad al futuro. La madre se ha suicidado—hay aquí una cierta reivindicación vaquera de la virilidad, portando el fuego por territorio sin ley.

Vaquera y tejana: el colt es imprescindible en este salvaje oeste, sobre todo cuando los nuevos indios disparan flechas y hieren al protagonista… Un western postnuclear. Y viril—esta es una historia between men; la madre sólo podía vivir en un mundo a su medida, toma una opción débil, el suicidio, en lugar de luchar en circunstancias adversas. Apenas es compartida como recuerdo entre el padre y el hijo. Y la nueva madre hallada al final interviene únicamente como mediadora entre el espíritu del Padre, y el hijo. Una novela, pues, sobre la paternidad, y la responsabilidad, sobre todo en la transmisión de la ética y la esperanza de abuelos a nietos, a través de los padres.

Que también una meditación sobre el poder (poder limitado) del lenguaje para crear y sostener mundos posibles. Aun en situaciones límite. Ahora el mundo ha desaparecido, y el lenguaje es sobreabundante, le falta anclaje, le sobran cosas que nombrar que ya nunca existirán. Va a minimalizarse. Pero entretanto también sirve para evocar, para invocar, "like some ancient anointing" (TR 74)—ceremonias amargas y ambivalentes, éstas, ante la evidencia brutal de la muerte del mundo, que va a arrastrar tras de sí al lenguaje. Y a la literatura (así los libros destruidos [TR 187], que hacen pensar en todo el espacio que había en el mundo de antes para las posibilidades, las expectativas abiertas por la palabra).

Por no hacer una alegoría de la muerte de la humanidad sin más, y una diatriba contra Dios, tiene McCarthy que ofrecer una esperanza al final—un gesto minimalista que se esboza continuamente a lo largo de la novela. Y es de hecho el final, más abierto a la esperanza, el elemento más flojo del libro. El padre muere, dando confianza al hijo hasta el final con sus últimas palabras. El chaval se preocupaba por un niño que habían visto en unas ruinas y no habían recogido (por estricto cálculo de supervivencia); le vuelve a la cabeza, y el padre le tranquiliza ahora sobre el destino de ese niño con quien ve que ahora se identifica su hijo. Un vagabundo beckettiano en la carretera les había dicho "There is no God and we are his prophets" (TR 170). Dios ha muerto, en efecto, pero aquí se le sigue nombrando precariamente, manteniendo su recuerdo vivo entre las cenizas. El recuerdo de Dios se identificará con el recuerdo del padre: "He tried to talk to God but the best thing was to talk to his father and he did talk to him and he didnt forget (…) the breath of God was his breath yet though it pass from man to man through all of time" (TR 286). La novela la dedica Cormac McCarthy implícitamente a su padre, deduzco, y explícitamente a su hijo John Francis McCarthy, que quizá no haya llegado a la edad adulta cuando el Autor muera.

Además de darle ánimos a su hijo para seguir viviendo, el padre, sin saberlo, ha conseguido acercarlo a un sitio donde hay una familia que lo adoptará cuando él muere. Esta solución (no menos implausible que el resto del libro) parece sin embargo tramposa, poco lograda. Bastaba, creo, para los fines artísticos de McCarthy con expresar la esperanza que el padre lucha por mantener viva hasta el final. Estilísticamente, el padre ha sido el focalizador principal y casi único, excepto en alguna frase aislada (TR 84). Ahora, tras la muerte del padre, el relato parece perder consistencia al proseguir como si tal, como si no desapareciese el mundo con la muerte (TR 170). La sustitución del padre por otro padre más fuerte y con un rifle más gordo, parece arbitraria, wishful thinking. Para mí debería terminar la novela más o menos en "Goodness will find the little boy. It always has. It will again." Y hasta hay truchas hemingwayianas en un río oculto en la última frase—si oculto en el pasado o en el futuro, no lo sabemos. Quizá sólo estén en el recuerdo, pero se nos recuerda que cerca del final hay que seguir recordando esos emblemas de la vida, y de una inocencia radical que quizá sólo existió en un pasado mítico. Pues no podemos tener a la vez la pureza de la sensación, y la consciencia reflexiva de esa pureza, igual que no podemos tener a la vez la muerte y la angustia por la muerte.

Y es que el final de verdad, el final de la humanidad y todas sus esperanzas, incluida la muerte de los hijos que habrían de perpetuarnos, y el cierre completo del futuro, es como un sol negro que no podemos mirar directamente en el arte de la novela. "Please dont tell me how the story ends" (TR 75). Ya ha mantenido McCarthy la mirada bastante rato, y la experiencia que nos da es de agradecer, y de temer.



martes, 23 de mayo de 2017

Retropost #1622 (22 de mayo de 2007): Out of Character


Aparecía hoy en el New York Times un interesante reportaje de Benedict Carey sobre psicología narrativa: "This Is Your Life (and How You Tell It)", que refiere conclusiones de la investigación de Lisa Libby (Ohio State U), Ethan Kross, y otros.

La idea es que la teoría narrativa (y esto ya lo decía más y mejor Kerby en Narrative and the Self) no va sobre personajes de ficción, o sobre textos verbalizados. Somos narraciones in fieri, y vivimos en narraciones. Entre otras cosas, porque creemos que vivimos en narraciones—entendemos nuestra vida y su trascurrir no como una sucesión informe de momentos, sino como un proceso estructurado, organizado de modo argumental.

"Every American may be working on a screenplay, but we are also continually updating a treatment of our own life — and the way in which we visualize each scene not only shapes how we think about ourselves, but how we behave, new studies find. By better understanding how life stories are built, this work suggests, people may be able to alter their own narrative, in small ways and perhaps large ones."

El artículo va sobre psicoterapia, así que perdonen el tufillo de autoayuda.... Y también hay que perdonar eso de "every American", como si los americanos fuesen seres de otra especie, narrativamente hablando. Y hay que perdonarlo porque en cierto modo lo son—quiero decir, que esta experiencia narrativa del yo admite variaciones culturales, e intensificaciones seguramente en culturas altamente conscientes del trayecto vital personal, como es la sociedad norteamericana (o la occidental avanzada, pongamos). Con su ego-psicología, claro. El formato seguido aquí es el de entrevistas a sujetos, con sub-entrevistas realizadas por controladores infiltrados, haciéndoles narrar de modo controlado o "espontáneo" su vida.

tunnel
"During a standard life-story interview, people describe phases of their lives as if they were outlining chapters, from the sandlot years through adolescence and middle age. They also describe several crucial scenes in detail, including high points (the graduation speech, complete with verbal drum roll); low points (the college nervous breakdown, complete with the list of witnesses); and turning points. The entire two-hour session is recorded and transcribed."

Y en este artículo apenas lo mencionan, pero hay obviamente una narración especialmente cara a los occidentales: la narración erótica del yo. La estructuración argumental del propio yo erótico —que, al decir de Giddens, es la versión de la interioridad del alma en la cultura occidental moderna— da por supuesto para muchas historias. Mencionan en el artículo las historias gays sobre la salida del armario—ok, eso es un antes y un después digno de un buen argumento. Pero también lo son "la primera vez que me enamoré", "la primera vez que me casé", o "la primera vez". (Expresión esta última que parece darle la razón a Giddens). Hay varios tipos de historias posibles, claro: familiares, laborales, religiosas... y quizá la historia sea en realidad la historia del peso relativo de estos argumentos y los avatares de su avance multiargumental, su entrelazamiento y su llegada a clímaxes (—ahh...aaaaahhh!!) y conclusiones (—kaputt). Especialmente interesantes son los momentos interesantes: giros vitales, cambios de trayecto, crisis y conversiones. "Yo era un buen cristiano hasta que"—etc.

O narraciones sobre la propia ideología política: "cómo me convertí a la democracia". O sobre la propia raza. Me leía esta semana en The Best American Essays un ensayo excelente de un ensayista negro americano, Shelby Steele, "On Being Black and Middle Class". Habla sobre cómo se liberó del ritual que siguió mucho tiempo de "hacerse el negro", de aceptar como la expresión auténtica de "lo negro" las maneras, ideas y valores del lumpen urbano de los barrios negros, autovictimizándose de una manera falsa, hasta que aprendió a tener una relación más auténtica no sólo con su clase social media acomodada, sino también con su raza. Y consigo mismo. Toda una historia del descubrimiento del auténtico yo... donde menos se lo esperaba, quizá (o sea, delante de las narices) después de ir tan desesperadamente a la caza de la autenticidad que le vendían a uno.

En clase suelo explicar que muchísimas ficciones novelísticas británicas se refieren a esta búsqueda de la autenticidad propia, escapando a los compromisos sociales preimpuestos, a las presiones del grupo social, la clase, la familia... En realidad, cuanto más en detalle se examinen las historias vitales personales y las ficcionalizadas, más elementos comunes se descubrirán.

Refieren los investigadores la diferencia entre historias vitales narradas en primera y tercera persona: cuando los sujetos hablan de sus propias experiencias en tercera persona, se observa en ellos más desvinculación de esa fase de la experiencia que se narra, y más capacidad de dominarla reflexivamente. Así por ejemplo en las narraciones de situaciones molestas o comprometedoras por las que se había pasado:

"The third-person perspective allowed people to reflect on the meaning of their social miscues, the authors suggest, and thus to perceive more psychological growth."

Y naturalmente (no digo que anden desencaminados) sugieren los psicoterapeutas investigadores que su propia función es narrativamente beneficiosa:

"The findings suggest that psychotherapy, when it is effective, gives people who are feeling helpless a sense of their own power, in effect altering their life story even as they work to disarm their own demons, Mr. Adler said."

La historia personal, plausiblemente, no existe al principio. Se va gestando, adquiere forma, primero indecisa o variable, luego tiende a la estabilidad... hasta que una crisis importante o peripecia vital le imprime un giro espectacular. Este todo que se constituye es modificado por las aportaciones de la experiencia, pero a la vez proporciona un marco interpretativo en el que se sitúa y orienta la experiencia personal, que adquiere sentido por referencia a esa narración personal. No aparece la idea en el artículo original, pero es la idea del círculo hermenéutico del tiempo la que aquí se apunta: nuestros momentos se relacionan con nuestra vida como una parte a un todo que es modificado por la parte—como un texto en desarrollo que es modificado por la nueva frase, a la vez que proporciona el cotexto para su interpretación:

"Taken together, these findings suggest a kind of give and take between life stories and individual memories, between the larger screenplay and the individual scenes. The way people replay and recast memories, day by day, deepens and reshapes their larger life story. And as it evolves, that larger story in turn colors the interpretation of the scenes."

"But the new research is giving narrative psychologists something they did not have before: a coherent story to tell. Seeing oneself as acting in a movie or a play is not merely fantasy or indulgence; it is fundamental to how people work out who it is they are, and may become."

Bueno, esta historia de narraciones personales, y la intervención en las mismas mediante el análisis y la actuación simbólica y ritual ya está discutiéndose al menos desde los ochenta en la ego-psicología americana; eso si descontamos las especulaciones lacanianas más oscuras o vaporosas sobre la cuestión.

Hayden White decía en Metahistory que los historiadores podían ser trágicos, cómicos, románticos o irónicos (ateniéndose a los principales tipos de argumento literario descritos por Frye). Ahora parece que también nuestra propia narración interna sigue moldes un tanto prefijados—role models, esquemas argumentales, difundidos mediante géneros narrativos literarios. Que para eso sirve la literatura: para dar forma a la vida, y para inventar gente, y para reinventarse a uno mismo.

Ideas para futuro desarrollo: la narración personal analizada al modo Lotmaniano, como adquisición y pérdida de rasgos: análisis ideológico, direccionalidad del movimiento semántico, tipos de fronteras ideológicas cruzadas, semas adquiridos, transformación personal.... Y evaluación. Quién evalúa, y qué supone esa evaluación en la propia narrativa vital del evaluador.

Otro ejemplo norteamericano (que es lo que se lleva hoy). Hoy comentaba en clase el relato de Hemingway: "Hills Like White Elephants". En tercera persona, con el estilo minimalista, con perspectiva externa, típico de Hemingway. Se nos invita sutilmente a colocarnos en la posición del hombre que está presionando a su chica para que aborte. Lo cual es una experiencia desagradable, pues si bien ella acepta la manipulación, es él quien peor evaluado queda implícitamente, con sus argumentos de mala fe en evidencia sangrante ante el lector. Este personaje, el "americano", es evidentemente una versión del propio Hemingway, que escribió la historia cuando estaba de viaje de bodas con su segunda esposa. Había tenido hace poco un hijo con la primera esposa. La separación estaba cerca. El relato es interpretado por muchos como el relato del primer momento de desamor de la chica, cuando se decide la ruptura. La narración en tercera persona proporciona distancia (quizá seguridad), pero también hay autocrítica—quizá sólo posible por ese distanciamiento "en tercera persona". No sabemos (no sé) si Hemingway presionó a su primera esposa para que abortase, o si simplemente le pasó la idea por la cabeza, o en qué medida estaba retratando modalidades de relación manipulativa que reconocía en su propia experiencia. Pero que algo de eso hay en el relato... it would take a New Critic to disregard it. También que en el relato se adopta una distancia autocrítica con respecto a esa actitud pasada.

Quizá sólo con la edad nos volvamos capaces de narrarnos en tercera persona, de decir que aquel él—yo. lo llamábamos— es otra persona. Y, de modo más general, la edad, y las crisis, y las quebradas en la trayectoria vital, hacen salir (con la perspectiva, con la retrospección) la cualidad narrativa de la propia vida. Esa cualidad narrativa que va permeando la propia vida, y convirtiéndola en una ceremonia de la apofenia, es, quizá la experiencia que retrata Vladimir Nabokov en su relato sobre un viejo matrimonio, "Signs and Symbols." Todo en nuestra vida transcurrida, y en las fotos viejas que miramos, es un símbolo—de sí mismo, y de lo que llegaría a ser, y no se sabía aún. Reflexión sobre la retrospección imposible para ese alter ego que nos mira desde la foto. Contemplamos irónicamente al que fuimos, pues no conocía el futuro. No nos conocía a nosotros, y así pues no se conocía a sí mismo. Tampoco ahora sabemos nada, o tan poco.

La juventud romántica cree en la posibilidad de la autotransformación, mira al yo como un potencial de desarrollo y transformación—Véanse a este respecto los Monólogos de Schleiermacher. Es la era, y la edad, del self-fashioning, de la automodelación sin límites. La ironía romántica nos hace quemar viejos yoes y abrir paso a la nueva fase de madurez que se abre. A veces nueva de modo ilusorio, porque lo nuevo, lo realmente nuevo, viene con la vejez. Cuando nos encontramos que ya hemos quemado all our yesterdays, todos nuestros ayeres—e intuimos ya cuál será el final del argumento, y la versión definitiva de nuestra narración. Cuando coinciden por fin nuestro carácter y la trayectoria de nuestras acciones.



—oOo—


lunes, 6 de febrero de 2017

Retropost #1355 (6 de febrero de 2007): Hemingway's Spain

Hoy nos enteramos de que un trabajo de B-Penas sobre Hemingway va a aparecer en un libro que se publicará en Kent State University Press, editado por Carl Eby, y con el título provisional de Hemingway's Spain: New Essays. El título del capítulo es: "A Creative Spiral: from Death in the Afternoon (1932) to The Dangerous Summer (1960)". El capítulo ya existe (lo leyó a la Hemingway Society cuando fuimos al congreso de Ronda), pero el libro no saldrá en uno o dos años. Éste sí que estará full of balls and bells and bulls, que diría Nabokov. Y de Anís del Toro. ("Camarerou—the bill").


 
—oOo—

domingo, 20 de noviembre de 2016

HEMINGWAY, Ernest [Miller]

(from The Oxford Companion to American Literature, by Hart and Leininger)


HEMINGWAY, ERNEST [MILLER] (1899-1961), born in Illinois, while attending school made frequent hunting and fishing expeditions in Northern Michigan, which helped condition his later primitivistic attitude. After working as a Kansas City reporter, he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in France, then transferred to the Italian infantry until the close of World War I, after which he reported battles in the Near East for the Toronto Star, and settled in Paris as a member of the expatriate group.

Influenced by Ezra Pound and particularly by Gertrude Stein, wholse style strongly affected him, he published Three Stories & Ten Poems (Paris, 1923) and *In Our Time (U.S. 1925). These early stories already exhibited the attitude of mind and technique for which he later became famous. As the leading spokesman for the "lost generation" he expressed the feelings of a war-wounded people disillusioned by the loss of faith and hope, and so thoroughly defeated by the collapse of former values that, their atrophied nerves not permitting them to attack their betrayers, they could turn only to a stoic acceptance of primal emotions. The stories are mainly concerned with "tough" people, either intelligent men and women who have dropped into an exhausted cynicism, or such primitives as frontiersmen, Indians, and professional athletes, whose essential courage and honesty are implicitly contrasted with the brutality of civilized society. Emotion is held at arm's length; only the bare happenings are recorded, and emphasis is obtained by understatement and spare dialogue.

After Hemingway returned to New York and wrote the lesser satirical novel The Torrents of Spring (1926), he carried the style and attitude of his short stories into the novel *The Sun Also Rises (1926), which tells of the moral collapse of a group of expatriated Americans and Englishmen, broken by the war, who turn toward escape through all possible violent diversions. Success in fictional craftsmanship and in portraying the mind of an era was again achieved in *A Farewell to Arms (1929), the poignant love story of an English nurse and an American ambulance lieutenant during the war. Besides further distinguished collections of short stories, *Men Without Women (1927) and *Winner Take Nothing (1933), he wrote only two lesser books during the next few years, although his work continued to exercise a great influence on the literature of the period. *Death in the Afternoon (1932), a book on bullfighting, and Green Hills of Africa (1935), an account of big-game hunting with digressions on literary matters, show a further cultivation of the primitive and brutal levels, contrasted with the hollow culture that had cheated his generation.

In *To Have and Have Not (1937). Hemingway for the first time showed an interest in a possible solution of social problems though collective action. This attitude continued in newspaper articles from Spain about its civil war, whose espionage was the subject of his realistic play, The Fifth Column, adapted for the stage (1940) by Benjamin Glazer, and printed in The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938), in which appeared two of his finest stories, *"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber" and *"The Snows of Kilimanjaro". *For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), his longest novel, on an incident in the Spanish Civil War, has universality in its thesis that the loss of liberty in one place means a loss everywhere. He edited an anthology, Men at War (1942), but issued no new novel until Across the River and into the Trees (1950), which was considered to show that Hemingway had become bitter and defeatist like his tale's protagonist, and aging colonel. With *The Old Man and the Sea (1952), a parable of man against nature in a poignant novelette, he recaptured his critical acclaim, recognized in a Nobel Prize (1954).

In his last years he published nothing, and he had been seriously ill for some time before his death as a suicide by gunshot. However, several posthumous works followed, most notably *A Moveable Feast (1964), sketches of his life and acquaintances in Paris, 1921-1926, and Islands in the Stream, (1970), a novel in three parts about a painter's unhappy marriage, his affection for his sons, their deaths, his bravery in war, his pleasure in deep-sea fishing, and his loneliness. Another novel, written in the 1940s, edited and published in 1986, The Garden of Eden, begins with the honeymoon of an enticing young couple, David and Catherine Bourne, he a good wirter, she an heiress, who break up over serious sexual differences. Later compilations include The Wild Years (1962), his journalism for the Toronto Star; By-Lines (1967), selected journalism of four decades; The Nick Adams Stories (1972), eight of them previously unpublished; and three collections of verse, the last and most inclusive being 88 Poems (1979). Selected Letters was issued in 1981.



In Our Time, 15 short stories by *Hemingway with vignettes serving as interchapters, published in the U.S. in 1925. In Our Time (Paris, 1924) contains only the vignettes. Most stories treat life in the Middle West, but the interpolated sketches describe war in Europe and bullfights.

"Indian Camp," "The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife," "The Three Day Blow," and others tell of the boyhood experiences of Nick, the author's counterpart, who grew up in the Great Lakes region, learning the bitter as well as the beautiful facts of existence through the work of his father, a physician, and through his association with Indian guides and their families. Such stories as "Mr. and Mrs. Elliot," "Out of Season," and "Cross Country Snow" are brief, poignant tales of American expatriates in Europe and their complex loves and friendships. "My Old Man" is the story of a boy's loyalty to his father, an American jockey forced to work in Europe because of unsportsmanlike conduct at home, and of the boy's disillusion following his father's death. The author's enthusiasm for sport and the American wilderness is shown in "Big Two-Hearted River," an account of a trout-fishing expedition.


The Sun Also Rises, novel by *Hemingway, published in 1926. The title is derived from a pessimistic passage in Ecclesiastes, expressing a cynical disillusion in keeping with the postwar attitude. The English title of the work is Fiesta.

Lady Brett Ashley, "as charming when she is drunk as when she is sober," is traveling on the continent, waiting for a divorce in order to marry Michael Campbell. Among her other satellites are Jake Barnes, an American newspaper correspondent; his friend Bill Gorton; Robert Cohn, an American Jewish novelist; and an eccentric Greek count. Cohn is weary of his mistress, Frances Clyne, and falls in love with Brett, although neither she nor his other acquaintances feel any real affection for him. The group leave Paris for an excursion in Spain, where they visit the fiesta at Pamplona. They are enthusiastic fans of the bullfights, finding in the ritualistic spectacle a mysterious beauty of precision. Brett and Jake are in love, but unhappily, because a wartime injury has emasculated him. She falls in love with a young bullfighter, Pedro Romero, with whom she elopes; and Cohn departs, expressing his anger by beating Jake, Michael, and Romero. When Romero wants to marry her, Brett decides to return to Michael, who is one of her own kind. She tells Jake, "We could have had such a damned good time together," and he concludes, "Yes. Isn't it pretty to think so?"




A Farewell to Arms, novel by Hemingway, published in 1929, and dramatized by Laurence Stallings (1930).

Frederic Henry, an American lieutenant in the Italian ambulance service during World War I, falls in love with an English nurse, Catherine Barkley. She returns his feeling, and when Henry, wounded during a bombardment, is sent to a hospital at Milan, Catherine comes to nurse him. They spend a happy summer together while he recuperates, and in the autumn Catherine confesses that she is pregnant, but will not marry him, fearing to be sent back to England. Henry returns to his post, finds his comrade Rinaldi depressed by the monotonous horrors of the war, and shares the suffering during the disastrous retreat from Caporetto. He deserts, learns that Catherine has been transferred to Stresa, and joins her there. Although he is in civilian clothes, he is suspected, and forced to flee with Catherine to Switzerland. They go to Lausanne for the birth of their child, but both mother and baby die, leaving Henry desolate and alone in a strange land.


Men without Women, 14 short stories by *Hemingway, published in 1927.

"The Undefeated" tells of the futile heroism of Manuel Garcia, a Spanish bullfighter just released from a hospital, who stubbornly refuses to retire, secures an ill-paid "nocturnal" engagement, and gives an adequate performance before an appreciative audience, but is seriously injured and returned to the hospital. "The Killers" describes the tense atmosphere in a small-town lunchroom, when two Chicago gangsters enter to await Ole Andreson, whom they have been paid to murder. He fails to arrive, and they finally leave. Nick, the waiter, goes to Andreson's room, and finds the victim aware of his impending doom but paralyzed by fear and unwilling to attempt escape. "Fifty Grand" is the story of a champion prizefighter, Jack Brennan, and his bout with the contender Walcott. The midde-aged champion, worried by his responsibilities, cannot train properly, decides that he is bound to lose, and bets $50,000 on his own defeat. He fights well for several rounds, until brutally fouled by his opponent. Insisting that this was an accident, he continues with difficulty, then suddenly ends the matter by an obvious foul on Walcott. "'It's funny how fast you can think when it means that much money'", he says.


Winner Take Nothing, 14 stoires by *Hemingway, published in 1933.

"The Light of the World," set in a small town in the Middle West, has for its chief character a fat, blonde prostitute, who recalls nostalgically the prizefighter who furnished the one rudimentary romantic episode of her life. *"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" portrays the desolate lives of a writer and a customer of a Spanish café. 
At a sidewalk table of a Spanish café an old, deaf man sits drinking brandy late at night as the two waiters discuss him, the older one with sympathy because he too is lonely, fearful, confident of nothing, and also in need of the security of a clean, well-lighted place.

"The Sea-Change" tells of the tragic separation of a young couple, when the girl drifts into a homosexual relation with another woman. "A Way You'll Never Be" describes the hysterical reaction of a young American officer in the Italian army, when he is relieved from active duty and thus has time to become aware of the significance of the war. "Homage to Switzerland" contains three vignettes of fatuous middle-class American tourists in Europe. "A Natural History of the Dead" is a bitter satire on the results of modern warfare. "The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio" is concerned with two hospital patients, a Mexican gambler and an author, and the way in which the writer cynically plays upon the phrase "the opium of the people."


Death in the Afternoon, discursive work by *Hemingway, published in 1932. In it he describes the rearing and fighting of bulls in Spain, and depicts the bullfight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy, in which the death of the bull is inevitable but must be achieved by the observance of ritual, which gives the animal a maximum chance to destroy the matador. The discussion includes lengthy digressions, in the form of conversations between the author and an old lady, presenting his philosophy through the discussion of various aspects of life and death.


To Have and Have Not, novel by *Hemingway, published in 1937.

Harry Morgan, a tough "conch," as natives of Key West, Fla., call themselves, has devoted his life to the single-minded effort of keeping himself, his wife, and his children on the upper fringe of the "have-nots." He hires out his powerboat to wealthy men for fishing trips, but, when the Depression destroys this source of income and a rich tourist welshes on payment for lost fishing tackle, he is obliged to turn to illegal activities. He contracts to smuggle Chinese from Cuba into the U.S., but, taking their money, murders their leader and abandons the others. While smuggling illegal liquor, he is captured in a gun battle by federal officers, loses an arm, and has his boat confiscated. In a last desperate attempt to obtain money, he aids in the escape of four bank robbers, although realizing that unless he kills them they will kill him. This he does, but they wound him fatally. Picked up by the Coast Guard and accused of being a member of the gang, he stammers, "'A man . . . ain't got no hasn't got any can't really isn't any way out . . . One man alone ain't got . . . no chance.' He shut his eyes. It had taken him a long time to get it out and it had taken him all his life to learn it."

The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, short story by Ernest *Hemingway, published in Cosmopolitan (Sept. 1936) and collected in The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938).

An American couple on a safari in Kenya, the Macombers have long given the impression of a glamorous and comparatively happy marriage, although the basis for their union is that "Margot was too beautiful for Macomber to divorce her and Macomber had too much money for Margot ever to leave him." The marriage comes to a new straining point when in cowardice he runs from a wounded lion that he has shot badly, and she, in disgust, gives herself that night to the professional hunter and guide, the sturdy Englishman Robert Wilson. The next day, in a surge of excitement, Macomber discovers self-confidence and happiness as he shoots three wild buffalo, but Margot is suddenly made insecure as she sees him at last as a man who will dominate their marriage. Forced to go into the hiding place of one of the animals he has only wounded to administer the coup de grâce, Macomber seems about to be gored by the buffalo when from the car Mrs. Macomber shoots at the beast and kills her husband instead, after which Wilson says wryly, "Of course it's an accident. I know that."


The Snows of Kilimanjaro, story by *Hemingway, published in Esquire (Aug. 1936) and collected in The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938).

Dying with "a great tiredness and anger" of blood poisoning from his gangrenous leg, the novelist Harry lies in camp on his African safari, accopmapnied by his wife and native attendants, waiting for a rescue plane that he knows will arrive too late, and remembers experiences that were to have served as subjects of stories when he knew enough to write them well. But he realizes too that he has destroyed his talent by sloth, by enjoyments such as the marriage with his rich wife could bring, and that he hates himself as he vents his cruelty on her. As he knows he will die that night, he tries to write, but vividly he feels and sees and smells death as he drops off, dreaming that the plane has come and taken him not to a hospital but to the very top of Kilimanjaro, said to be the highest mountain in Africa, where, according to the story's epigraph, close to the summit that is called the House of God "there is the dried and frozen carcass of a leopard. No one has explained what the leopard was seeking at that altitude."

For Whom the Bell Tolls, novel by *Hemingway, published in 1940. The title is derived from a sermon by Donne: "No man is an Iland, intire of it selfe; every man is a peece of the Continent . . . And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee." 

Robert Jordan, an American, has entered the Loyalist army during the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s, and has been sent to join a guerrilla band in the mountains near Segovia to blow up a strategic bridge at the exact minute that will help a Loyalist advance. During the three days and nights that he spends in the guerrilla's cave, he awaits with a romantic opposition to heroism what he suspects will be his own destruction and that of his companions. He falls in love with Maria, daughter of a Republican mayor, who has seen her parents killed and was herself raped by Falangists. Her close-cropped hair is a symbol of her tortures; Jordan helps her to regain her desire to live. Their passioinate love is abetted by the powerful woman Pilar, who dominates the group by her force of character, gusto, and love of the Republic. Her man Pablo is wily but lacks belief and hence courage. The others include foul-mouthed Agustín; pedantic, dignified Fernando; the gypsy Rafael; and the adoring Andrés. A sense of impending disaster develops, with smolering opposition within the group, a Falangist attack on the guerrilla leader El Sordo on a neighboring hill, acts of cowardice by Pablo, and a mission by Andrés to Loyalist headquarters to carry a note from Jordan saying the advance is likely to fail, with the messenger impeded by the Communists' bureaucracy and suspicion. The generals finally realize they should have cancelled the attack, but it is too late. Leaving the retreat, Jordan successfully blasts the bridge. In the attempt to flee he is wounded, and forces the others to leave hism. He lies on the hillside almost delirious, restraining himself from suicide so that he may shoot the leader of the Fascists, and thinks, "I have fought for what I believed in for a year now. If we win here we will win everywhere. . . ."




The Old Man and the Sea, novelette by *Hemingway, published in 1952.

This parable of man's struggle with the natural world, of his noble courage and endurance, tells of the Cuban fisherman Santiago, who for 84 luckless days has rowed his skiff into the Gulf Stream in quest of marlin. At first accompanied by the boy Manolin, with whom he talked of better days and about the great sport of baseball, he is now alone. Aged and solitary, he goes far out and hooks a great fish that tows his boat all afternoon and night and into the next day as he pits his skill and waning strength against it the way he once did as a wrestler called "El Campeón." As the second night turns to dawn he finally harpoons his catch, lashes it to his small boat, and makes his weary way home. As he sails down to port sharks attack his catch and he fights them as best he can with a knife lashed to the tiller gripped in raw hands. Whan he makes land his marlin is but a skeleton. Proud in defeat, Santiago furls his sail and staggers to his shack to be found by the boy and other fishermen, who marvel at his catch, while the spent man sleeps and dreams of past experience.


A Moveable Feast, memoir by *Hemingway of his life in Paris (1921-26), published in 1964. In brief sketches the work summons up the sense of what Paris meant to him as a writer beginning a career and to other expatriate Americans. It tells how Gertrude Stein came to employ the term "lost generation" and of his friendship and falling out with her, of Pound, Fitzgerald, and other associates.







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